Table 3: Comparability of Long and Mew Calls of Adult Atlantic Yellow-legged Gulls to Lesser Black-backed Gull L. f. graellsii, Herring Gull L. a. argenteus
and Mediterranean Yellow-legged Gull L. michahellis|
Area |
Long calls % like |
Mew calls % like |
|||||
|
|
graellsii |
Shrill graellsii |
Deep argenteus |
michahellis |
graellsii |
argenteus |
michahellis |
|
Santander |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
Porto/Minho |
+ |
45 |
55 |
0 |
75 |
25 |
0 |
|
Setúbal /Lisbon |
0 |
90 |
10 |
0 |
95 |
5 |
0 |
|
Faro |
20 |
70 |
10 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
|
Cádiz |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
|
Barbate |
50 |
37 |
5 |
8 |
93 |
7 |
0 |
|
Gibraltar/La Lines |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
|
Estepona |
10 |
40 |
10 |
40 |
70 |
15 |
15 |
|
Tarifa |
0 |
60 |
20 |
20 |
90 |
0 |
10 |
|
Tanger |
0 |
92 |
8 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
|
Madeira |
0 |
25 |
75 |
0 |
20 |
80 |
0 |
|
Essaouira |
0 |
95 |
5 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
|
Agadir |
0 |
87 |
13 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
|
Fuerteventura/ Lanzarote |
0 |
20 |
80 |
0 |
35 |
65 |
0 |
|
Gran Canaria |
0 |
20 |
80 |
0 |
45 |
55 |
0 |
|
Tenerife/ Gomera |
0 |
80 |
20 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
|
La Palma/ El Hierro |
40 |
60 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cantabrican |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
Iberian atlantis |
14 |
68 |
16 |
2 |
93 |
7 |
0 |
|
Southern atlantis |
6 |
55 |
39 |
0 |
71 |
29 |
0 |
|
Med./Atl. intersection |
3 |
73 |
9 |
15 |
90 |
4 |
6 |
|
All Atlantic forms |
8 |
50 |
29 |
3 |
78 |
21 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
michahellis in SW Spain |
0 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
|
michahellis in SW France |
0 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
|
argenteus in Devon |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
Figures obtained from watching calling birds. Each bird only counted once.
Percentages are rounded to nearest 5 for individual localities.
The ranges of the Cantabrican, Iberian, Azorean, Southern and Mediterranean/Atlantic intersection forms are given at
map.+ -- noted but less than 3%.
Table 4: Percentage of Wingtip Patterns by Location for Adult Atlantic Yellow-legged Gulls.
|
Area |
P10 |
P9 |
P6-P10 |
P5 |
P4 |
|||||||||
|
|
S |
Tip (%) |
LM (%) |
SM (%) |
M (%) |
S |
Sol -id (%) |
SI (%) |
LI (%) |
S |
BB (%) |
TB (%) |
IM (%) |
PN (%) |
|
San Sebastian |
6 |
83 |
17 |
0 |
83 |
7 |
0 |
29 |
71 |
6 |
17 |
33 |
50 |
17 |
|
Santander |
21 |
71 |
29 |
0 |
85 |
21 |
0 |
30 |
70 |
10 |
0 |
80 |
20 |
0 |
|
Porto/ Minho |
52 |
14 |
84 |
2 |
35 |
32 |
56 |
38 |
6 |
28 |
50 |
29 |
21 |
17 |
|
Setúbal / Lisbon |
18 |
33 |
67 |
0 |
50 |
18 |
50 |
35 |
15 |
20 |
60 |
10 |
30 |
0 |
|
Faro |
11 |
18 |
64 |
18 |
10 |
12 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
14 |
86 |
14 |
0 |
17 |
|
Cádiz |
22 |
41 |
54 |
5 |
49 |
6 |
17 |
66 |
17 |
16 |
62 |
19 |
19 |
10 |
|
Barbate |
29 |
35 |
62 |
3 |
48 |
18 |
72 |
22 |
6 |
20 |
70 |
20 |
10 |
25 |
|
Azores |
23 |
|
|
|
13 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nerja |
6 |
50 |
50 |
0 |
15 |
6 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
6 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
100 |
|
Estepona |
18 |
39 |
56 |
5 |
33 |
4 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
80 |
20 |
0 |
63 |
|
Tarifa |
9 |
65 |
25 |
10 |
35 |
3 |
35 |
65 |
0 |
5 |
60 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
|
Tanger |
19 |
51 |
44 |
5 |
36 |
10 |
60 |
30 |
10 |
17 |
50 |
40 |
10 |
40 |
|
Madeira |
25 |
8 |
60 |
32 |
16 |
21 |
86 |
14 |
0 |
16 |
56 |
31 |
13 |
0 |
|
Asilah |
4 |
25 |
75 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
50 |
50 |
0 |
- |
|
Essaouira |
14 |
79 |
21 |
0 |
46 |
14 |
93 |
7 |
0 |
15 |
60 |
27 |
13 |
8 |
|
Agadir |
62 |
50 |
43 |
7 |
20 |
57 |
89 |
11 |
0 |
54 |
28 |
31 |
41 |
8 |
|
Fuerte-ventura/ Lanzarote |
31 |
29 |
60 |
11 |
31 |
39 |
80 |
17 |
3 |
38 |
54 |
29 |
17 |
14 |
|
Gran Canaria |
56 |
45 |
49 |
6 |
25 |
71 |
82 |
17 |
1 |
63 |
42 |
32 |
26 |
15 |
|
Tenerife/ Gomera |
84 |
42 |
48 |
10 |
20 |
31 |
97 |
3 |
0 |
49 |
43 |
31 |
26 |
7 |
|
La Palma/ El Hierro |
17 |
60 |
20 |
20 |
10 |
4 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
14 |
64 |
36 |
0 |
7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cantabrican |
27 |
74 |
26 |
0 |
85 |
28 |
0 |
30 |
70 |
16 |
6 |
63 |
31 |
10 |
|
Iberian atlantis |
132 |
26 |
70 |
4 |
40 |
86 |
62 |
31 |
7 |
98 |
63 |
20 |
17 |
14 |
|
Azorean atlantis |
23 |
|
|
|
13 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Southern atlantis |
293 |
43 |
47 |
10 |
22 |
241 |
87 |
12 |
1 |
251 |
44 |
31 |
25 |
9 |
|
Med./Atl. inter-section |
52 |
50 |
45 |
5 |
32 |
23 |
75 |
21 |
4 |
38 |
66 |
26 |
8 |
50 |
|
All Atlantic forms |
527 |
41 |
52 |
7 |
31 |
378 |
74 |
18 |
8 |
403 |
49 |
29 |
22 |
15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
michahellis in SW Spain |
26 |
65 |
35 |
0 |
40 |
8 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
17 |
76 |
18 |
6 |
50 |
|
argenteus in Devon |
22 |
32 |
68 |
0 |
90 |
23 |
0 |
30 |
70 |
23 |
0 |
26 |
74 |
0 |
From an analysis of close-up photographs with material from Newell (2000) for San Sebastian and Teyssèdre (1983) for the Azores.
The ranges of the Cantabrican, Iberian, Azorean, Southern and Mediterranean/Atlantic intersection forms are given at
map .Key: S -- Sample (sample sizes are similar for P10 and P9 and for P5 and P4).
P10, P9: Tip - complete white tip; LM - Large Mirror; SM - Small Mirror; M - Mirror present.
P6-P10: Solid - square-cut triangular area of black from outer web of P6 to tip of P10 to P10 intersection with its covert; SI - Small indent into black triangle; LI - Large Indent into black triangle as in argenteus.
More details on indents -- from coverts to tip: for the solid effect, P8 is at least half black and P7 at least 1/3 black; for small indent proportions are about 2/5 and 1/4 respectively; for large indent proportions are no more than 1/4 and 1/8 respectively.
P5: BB - Broad Band as in michahellis; TB - Thin Band as in argenteus; IM - Broken band, spot or indistinct markings as in argenteus;
P4: PN -- Punctuation mark (spot or comma).
Table 5: Moult in Adult Atlantic Yellow-legged Gulls of Primaries and Head at Particular Locations
|
Location |
Dates visited |
Wing Moult as growing/missing |
Head Moult |
||
|
|
|
Maximum |
Minimum |
Most frequent |
|
|
Santander |
1 Aug - 9 Aug |
P5/P6 |
P3/P4 |
P4/P5 |
Sparse brown speckles on head, denser around eyes |
|
Cádiz |
5 Jun |
P2/P3 |
none |
P1/P2; none |
none |
|
13 Aug |
P7/P8 |
P5/P6 |
P6/P7 |
Light brown speckling on head |
|
|
Barbate |
2 Jun - 6 Jun |
P1/P2 |
none |
none |
none |
|
Nerja |
26 May - 31 May |
-/P1 |
none |
none |
none |
|
Estepona |
1 Jun |
P2/P3 |
none |
P1/P2 |
none |
|
17 Aug |
P8/P9 |
P6/P7 |
P7/P8 |
White with speckles around eye |
|
|
Gibraltar/La Linea |
22 Aug |
P7/P8 |
P6/P7 |
P7/P8; P6/P7 |
Some quite pale, others with speckles on front and sides of head. |
|
Tarifa |
3 Jun |
P4/P5 |
-/P1 |
-/P1 |
none |
|
11 Aug - 15 Aug |
P7/P8 |
P5/P6 |
P7/P8; P5/P6 |
Brown speckles on head particularly around eye |
|
|
Tanger |
10 Aug - 17 Aug |
P6/P7 |
P5/P6 |
P6/P7 |
White with speckles around eyes |
|
20 Aug |
P8/P9 |
P6/P7 |
P6/P7 |
||
|
27 Aug - 2 Sept |
P7/P8 |
P5/P6 |
P7/P8 |
||
|
Asilah |
20 Aug - 27 Aug |
P7/P8 |
- |
P7/P8 |
Dusky with obvious speckling around eyes, on forehead and crown |
|
Lanzarote |
13 Aug - 20 Aug |
P8/P9 |
P6/P7 |
P6/P7 |
Mostly white with speckles around eyes; some with extensive spots on head forming slight hood |
|
Fuerte-ventura |
29 Sep |
P10/- |
P9+P10/- |
P9+P10/- |
Fairly dusky, obvious dark eye spot, light streaking on front of head, forehead can be paler; many half-hooded. |
|
Gran Canaria |
14 May - 20 May |
P2/P3 |
none |
none |
none |
|
23 Sep - 30 Sep |
P10/- |
P8+P9+P10/- |
P9+P10/- |
Fairly dusky, many with prominent dark patch over eye and grey-brown wash over rest of head and upper-neck; they look paler in bright light |
|
|
Tenerife |
28 Jul - 10 Aug |
P8/P9 |
P4/P5 |
P6/P7 |
Most (72%) slight hood from extensive spots around eyes, forehead and crown; some (28%) more definite hood as heavy speckling on front, sides and top of head and brown wash on nape |
|
4 Aug - 18 Aug |
P8/P9 |
P5/P6 |
P7/P8 |
||
|
La Palma/ El Hierro |
5 Aug - 9 Aug |
P7/P8 |
P4/P5 |
P6/P7 |
Half-hooded with quite pronounced streaking on eye and front of head |
|
Madeira |
19 Sep - 22 Sep |
|
|
P9+P10/- |
Half-hooded (50%) with prominent darkish area on crown, around eye and throat; forehead, nape and neck are whiter. Remainder less marked. |
|
Azores
|
17 Aug |
|
|
P6/P7 |
Extensive heavy streaking on entire head and upper neck sometimes extending to lower neck |
|
6 Sep - 7 Sep |
|
|
P7/P8; P8/P9 |
||
|
3 Oct |
|
|
P9+P10/- |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
michahellis in SW Spain |
1 Jun - 6 Jun |
P2/P3 |
none |
P1/P2 |
none |
|
12 Aug - 23 Aug |
P7/P8 |
P5/P6 |
P7/P8 |
Most (60%) with slight brown speckling over forehead and rest of head (not neck); others looked quite white |
|
|
argenteus in Devon |
20 Jul |
P4/P5 |
P1/P2 |
P3/P4 |
|
|
3 Aug - 4 Aug |
P6/P7 |
P5/P6 |
P6/P7 |
|
|
|
21 Oct - 22 Oct |
P9/P10 |
P8/P9+P10 |
P9/P10 |
|
|
From an analysis of close-up photographs and from field study by the author, except for the Azores where from Wilds & Czaplak (1994) for August and September and Bakker (2000) for October and for Madeira where from Regan & Fisher (2001).
Blue font
indicates updates since the paper published on 19 October 2001Copyright © Nick Rossiter 1999-2003.
All rights reserved.